The Effects Of Climate Change On The United States

Our climate plays an important role in human societies and affects agriculture, ecosystems, our natural environment and our health. Human activities such as pollution and deforestation, has changed the climate as a whole, leading to an increased amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere. The effects of this has led to higher sea levels, loss of sea ice and an increase in heat waves across the globe. A recent report released by the Environmental Protection Agency, titled â€Å"Climate Change in the United States: Benefits of Global Action† suggest that climate change impacts can be reduced or avoided through greenhouse gas mitigation. It focuses on the physical and economic risks of unmitigated climate change and the benefits the United States would have if they tackled the issue of climate change in a timely manner. Michael C. Veres, an Assistant Professor of Climatology at SUNY Oswego, suggests that before the nation as a whole begin to address the issue of climate it’s important for citizens to know the difference between â€Å"climate change† and â€Å"global warming†. â€Å"Climate change refers to any change in the climate, regardless of the cause and can refer to warm and cold over the ice ages over the past one million years,† Veres explained. â€Å"Global warming, on the other hand, specifically focuses on the warming that has happened over the last 150 years on Earth because of greenhouse emissions by humans.† In terms of addressing the negative impactsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Discordant Applications of the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Doctrine as a Hindrance to Climate Change Policy Climate change looms large over our rapidly growing and continually changing world. No longer are the adverse effects of this menacing global issue a mere ominous projections, they are starting to become a very concrete reality. Countries are today experiencing rising sea levels, which compromises coastal infrastructure, prolonged drought, squeezing food supply and agriculturalRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States981 Words   |  4 Pagescause damage. As storms continue to grow stronger, that figure will continue to rise. Though the destruction of climate change can be seen globally with storms, wildfires, and oil depletion, Popular support for environmental movements and policies is minimal. The numbers needed to make a difference are not there. From 2008 to 2010, the number of Americans who believed in climate change dropped to 57%. While shocking, there is an array of psychological reasons for the lack of support. Ordinary citizensRead MoreThe Effects Of C limate Change On The United States1397 Words   |  6 Pagescontinued growth of GHG emissions could cause global average temperatures to increase by another 4 °C or more by 2100 and by 1.5 to 2 times as much in many midcontinent and far northern locations (1). Although our understanding of the impacts of climate change is increasingly and disturbingly clear, there is still debate about the proper course for U.S. policy—a debate that is very much on display during the current presidential transition. But putting near-term politics aside, the mounting economicRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Climate Change On The United States1428 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of global climate change is like saying that they do not believe in science. About 200 nations, including the United States, have all come to the conclusion that climate change is indeed a real and that we, human-beings, have become responsible for finding a solution to this precarious situation that we have put ourselves i n. However, there is still a small population of people that believe that there is nothing we can do to forestall the destructive effects of global climate change. To retractRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States Current President1852 Words   |  8 Pagesideas of climate change in 1896 (Weart 34). Some of these basic ideas were the causes of climate change, such as the greenhouse effect (Anttila-Hughes, Oppenheimer 11). At this point in time, this was all new research which influenced others to continue the research on climate change. As time progressed, more and more people began to believe in the effects of climate change due to the large amounts of research done since Arrhenius introduced the issue (Weart 34). Nowadays, the idea of climate changeRead MoreIn Contrast To The Views Of Mcmichael And The Usgcrp, Emeritus1126 Words   |  5 Pageslocated in the Stanford University, Thomas Gale Moore, published a book in 1998 refuting any belief that climate ch ange will have severely negative effects on human health. He is well-versed in economics, which is why it is not surprising that the second half of the book discusses the economic side of climate change. Nevertheless, the way of gathering information on climate change’s effects was fairly new in the late nineties and what little data that was gathered was speculated on by Moore. MooreRead MoreGlobal Issues Of The 21st Century Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthe contribution of humans to climate change. To understand human impact on the Earth it is crucial to understand the basic climate science of glacial periods and the greenhouse effect. For its entire lifetime, the planet has gone through cycles of glacial advance and retreat. More simply, the Earth warms and cools in cycles, the last of which we call the Ice Age. These cycles are completely natural, expected, and simply a part of life on Earth. The greenhouse effect directly explains how this warmingRead MoreClimate Change Is An Effect Of Human Action983 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change has been a growing problem over the past few decades, which is hurting our Earth, therefore, hurting humanity. With the help of big name companies lowering their emissions and developing and developed countries putting effort into helping the cause, it is possible to reduce the speed at which this global problem is happening. This is a real problem and it must be stopped. Countries all across the world, developed and developing alike, must carry the burden of mitigating climate changeRead MoreConsequences Of Climate Change On Food Systems1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe agricultural sector in the United States contributes largely to both rural and national social and economic development; however, it is greatly affected by climatic changes. As the world population is expected to increase up to approximately nine billion by 2050, climate c hange affects the stability of food production and poses food security challenges in the US (Hatfield et al. 2014). Smith et al. 2013, argued that negative impact of climate change on agriculture have a direct impact on globalRead MoreClimate Change And National Security1295 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Climate Change and National Security For centuries the United States Military has addressed the many challenges of national security, from fighting for the foundation of America in the Revolutionary war, to the containment of terrorism and Islamic extremism in recent years, but now global climate change presents a new and very different type of challenge to national security. The stability of the world’s climate that has enabled human civilizations to grow and flourish over the last five thousand

The Structure Of Business Organisations Essay - 1479 Words

ACCOUNTING PROJECT by Serzh Mkhoyan TITLE After suitable research,briefly explain the structure of business organisations and give the legal requirement as far as informing stakeholders as to the business financial activities. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Anyone who is intended to enter the business world,should know that there are 5 types of business organisations that he or she needs to take under consideration. Those legal structures are: sole trader,partnership,partnership with limited liability(LLP),private limited company (LtD) and public limited company (PLC). This project will explain in detail the structure of those organisations,list the documents required to set up every single one of them and will also mention about financial accounts needed to inform stakeholders about the business activities. 1) SOLE TRADER A man who has started working for himself is considered as a sole trader. Sole traders have unlimited liabilities,meaning that in terms of law there is no separation between them,hence the sole trader is also liable for the debts incurred within the business, which makes it very risky to run for a long-term. Sole trader company follows a set of rules which can both benefit the ownerShow MoreRelatedThe three main business organisation structures considered by Steve and Wonder are partnerships,1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe three main business organisation structures considered by Steve and Wonder are partnerships, trusts and companies. In order to understand the key differences between the three and to put forward a recommendation for the most apt structure, it is essential to grasp the basic definition of each . A partnership is an association of two or more people who typically know and trust each other and therefore come together to set up and carry on a business. The partners have an equal control over theRead MoreExamining Different Approaches to Management and Theories of Organisation and Evaluating How Organisational Structure and Culture Contribute to Business Success2317 Words   |  10 Pageshave been set is to examine an organisation of my choice and use my own research to satisfy the following outcomes: • Examine different approaches to management and theories of organisation. • Evaluate how organisational structure and culture contribute to business success. To do this I need to answer the following questions in the form of a business report: • Identify the organisations approach to management, supported with examples. • Identify the type of structure and provide an overall organisationalRead Moreâ€Å"Outline the Main Ways in Which a Large Centralised Organisation Might Achieve a More Flexible Organised Structure. Using Examples, Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Pursuing Greater Organisational Flexibility†1089 Words   |  5 Pagesa large centralised organisation might achieve a more flexible organised structure. Using examples, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing greater organisational flexibility† â€Å"The structures that organisations adopt are usually aligned to one of five generic organisational structures. These are the simple structure, the functional structure, the divisional structure, the holding company structure and the matrix structure. (Capon, C. (2009) the business environment. ChapterRead MoreExplain The Size And Weakness Interrelate With External Macro Factors1199 Words   |  5 Pages TITLE A report on Business Business Environment Presented by: Md.Raza Student ID: 9170072 Executive Summery In this Assignment we will discuss about different types, and purposes of Public, Private and Voluntary sectors and their Legal structures. We will explain the size and scope of range of different types of organisations. We will define the relationship between different organisational functions and how they link to organisational objectives and structure, then we will identify theRead MoreOrganisation Structure. Organisational Structure Is A System1631 Words   |  7 Pages Organisation Structure Organisational structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an organisation. It identifies each job, its function and where it reports to within the organisation. When hiring large amounts of staff organisation is important. Everyone in the company needs to understand their individual/team role. It is the manager’s job to keep their staff organised and motivated to getting the job done. As the business grows in size and therefore takes on more staff, managers needRead MoreOrganisational Aspects Of Business Organizations1731 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction As the business world is every dynamic, the business organisations have also needed to change their business structure and process. Change has become an essential phenomenon for the business organisations in order to have their survival and sustainability in the business world. In order to sustain in the business world, the organisations make restricting of their business composition as well as business structure (Skerlavaj 2006). Organisational structuring is the process under whichRead MoreManaging Manager Management And Organisation1622 Words   |  7 Pagesmanager, management and organisation. It will assess the manager, management and organisation. It will assess the significant of manager in achieving organisation success for a company. It will also analysis how size and strategy can affect organisation structure. Finally, it will discuss, explain and suggest how the current structure of Tesco can be changed to improve performance. 2. Manager, Management and Organisation 2.1. Manager Managers are individual in an organisation that direct and overseeRead MoreDomestic Violence Young People Outreach1431 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence Young People Outreach (YPO) is an organisation set out to help young females, aged 12-18, who have, or are going through, domestic violence. This includes emotional, economic, sexual and physical abuse. It is based on the belief that everyone has the right to feel safe and empowered without violence or the fear of violence. The arms that branch out from the basis of the organisation include assessment and referral, life skills and prevention and intervention. The purpose of thisRead MoreOrganisations and Behavior1152 Words   |  5 Pages(1.1) The organisational structure used in a company is intended to form relationships, motivate, increase productivity, co ordinate and provide direction between employees. According to the business dictionary (2013), an organisational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights, and duties of an organisation. It determines how roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled and coordinated and how information flows between differentRead Morebusiness Assignment1024 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Higher National Diploma in Business Management (Part-time) BEHAVIOUR AT WORK Unit 3: Organisations and Behaviour Outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Outcome 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership Outcome 3: Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations SCENARIO According to

The Importance of a Quality Education Free Essays

The quality of education in today†s school systems has gone down substantially due to many different factors. Some people disagree and go as far as saying that the quality of education is better, but many studies and expert testimonial will show that there has been a large downfall in how students are taught and how students learn compared to the past. This evidence will also show that the problems begin starting as early as the elementary level of school. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of a Quality Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now One statement that is believed by some is that since the average teacher to student ratio has gone from 1:22 to 1:17 that tudents are getting more personal attention and their needs are being met better by teachers. However, just recently, in the studies of teacher to student ratio were special education and other reduced size classes added to the tally creating the illusion that the average class size is really smaller than it actually is. When in fact class sizes have generally stayed the same. In some cases classes have gotten bigger in certain states causing overcrowding which results in less personal attention. It also opens the door for students with learning disabilities to go unnoticed by teachers, urthering the damage to their education (NCES Fast Facts). Another false belief is that students of today are more literate that students of the past. This maybe true for the overall average but in recently it was noticed that in the period from 1980 to 1996 students in the age groups of nine, thirteen, and seventeen years, all saw a drop of at least one point on the Reading Proficiency Scale. From 1980 to 1996 students in the age group of nine years dropped three points. From 1992 to 1996 students in the age group of thirteen years dropped one point. Finally students in the ge group of seventeen years saw a drop of two points from 1984 to 1996 proving that students† scores in reading, although better than forty years ago, have seen a recent drop in the past fifteen to Students receiving a broad range of education is another common misconception. In a period of ten years from 1982 to 1992 the average number of vocational credits acquired by graduating high school seniors dropped from 4. 6 to 3. 8. Also seeing a drop in numbers was the average credits earned in specific labor market preparation classes which includes, agriculture, home economics and family consumer sciences, trade nd industrial, business, and law classes. Specific labor market preparation classes which in 1982 filled out 2. 9 of and average students high school credits dropped to bleak 2. 6 over ten years. This shows that students are sticking more to the basic core classes and college preparatory classes decreasing the overall knowledge gained by the secondary education level student (NCES Fast The last false observation noted in this paper is that students are learning things at earlier ages than in the past. This fact is true in some cases such as in technology and English, but in math lasses children start at an average level of learning and over the course of elementary and junior high tend to drop below average (Children). These drops are believed to be caused by students who learn certain subjects in one grade and then the same subjects may be covered in the next grade causing the student to become bored and uninterested in the material (Newcomb, 11). Recently it was noticed that the science skills of students between the fourth and eighth grade have dropped into what some call a slump. However, according to Dr. Gerald K. LeTendre, an assistant professor of education at Penn State, the drop is not due o a recent change in circumstances, but instead it is due to what Dr. LeTendre refers to as a â€Å"continuation of low gains from year to year. † â€Å"This continuation of low gains from year to year has continued for over twenty years and will keep dropping unless measures are taken to ensure the safety and quality of the students education,† commented LeTendre (Children). Yet another cause for this downfall in grades and test scores is pointed out by long time high school teacher, Ron P. Milder. In an interview on April 12, 1999 Milder suggested that the cause of this decrease is many factors, but one main factor is the outside istractions that are brought into school which take away from the students attention level. Many students now have jobs, sports practice and plays which they are involved in that take priority over school in a students mind. Another distraction Milder pointed out was that during his school days divorced parents were unheard of and in this day and age single parent families are about equal to two parent families which causes disruption in a students mind and also takes away from the students learning opportunities Another expert on education, Jean Piaget, believes that during the second stage of intellectual development children are ot given the proper amount of challenges to fully develop their potential which in turn slows them down in the remaining two stages of development. Piaget believes that in intellectual development four stages occur in the human brain the first being sensorimoror which occurs from birth to the age of two. The second, preoperational, occurs from age two to age seven. The third stage is concrete operational, which happens between ages seven and eleven. Finally the fourth is formal operational which is deductive reasoning, this occurs from age eleven and up. When the child can not express their full ability during the preoperational eriod they slow down their process of passing through the four stages. When this happens the student falls behind in learning and if the student is not shown the proper ways will only fall farther and farther behind as they grow older (Brainerd). One of the largest supporting pieces of evidence in the decrease of knowledge is the all mighty dollar. Money has, does, and always will play a large part in the way people make decisions and when it comes to teaching the money is short. Because of this many of the brightest minds who should be teaching go on to business where they can make double a teachers salary. Teaching is also a very stressful job including long hours and hard work. Some people who go into it don†t have the right mindset and end up quitting within the first few years (Milder). Another part of money is the funding of schools in the United States. Government funds to schools are sometimes not enough to cover all the costs so schools tend to cut back on what they should be getting more of. Many schools have out-dated construction and need to be rebuilt but funding comes up short so often they are left with a school that isn†t an adequate teaching or learning environment (Milder). Many of the problems existing in today†s schools are problems that can be fixed through time and vigorous effort, but the effort needs to be given by all sides of the problem. When only few people care about the problem nothing gets fixed. The problems should be addressed by a qualified group of experienced educators and students. The next goal would be to come up with possible solutions to the problems existing in today†s schools. After this is done the money needs to be raised and the appropriate measures need to be taken to relieve the problems that are eating away the education of today†s children. How to cite The Importance of a Quality Education, Papers

Dataset to Forecast The Values

Question: Write a report analyses a dataset to forecast the values of two variables for a span of six years time. Answer: The report analyses a dataset to forecast the values of two variables for a span of six years time. The scenario states that a person named Scot Jansen has a daughter who is twelve years old now. Mr. Scott wants to pay the tuition fees of the University in which he would admit his daughter in six years from now. The fees of the University for the First Year would be $20000. Scot has a plan of investing $300 per month for the next six years before his daughter gets admitted to the university. Scot has started depositing money in two mutual funds. Very low monthly fees characterize both the investment funds. The investment strategy, which the first fund follows, is so designed that it would match the return of the SP 500. The second fund offers short-term (one-year) investment in Treasury Bills. Scot has planned to follow a policy in which he decided to contribute a fixed portion of $300 to both the funds in a fixed proportion. Scot consulted two advisors to guide him with the investments in each fund. The advisor guiding him with the first fund suggested that he should invest 80% of his proposed amount to the first fund, and the remaining 20% should go to t he second fund that is the fund of Treasury Bills. The advisor backing the first fund is of the view that the SP fund has managed to earn higher returns than the Treasury bill fund. The second advisor suggested Scot exactly the opposite that is he should deposit more in the Treasury bill fund than in the SP 500 funds. The advisor argues that though in the short run, stock returns become a risky investment, the investor can avoid such risks in the span of six years time. He also says that if Scot invests following his plans then maybe the average return will be lower, but he will have enough money accumulated in his account to meet the expenses to pay his daughter's university fees in the first year of her admission to the university. In this situation, Scot wants himself to be guided as what strategy he can follow. Analysis of the data The data set, which Scot has at hand, describes the rates of interest for both the SP500 fund as well as the short-term Treasury Bill Fund. The data that is provided illustrates the monthly rates of interest for both the funds in which Scot intends to invest his 300 dollars. The data also provides the month index of each month. The rates of interest are given from the month of January in 1990 to the month of December of 2013. The analyst finds the following values for the rates of interest for the next two years that is the values from January 2014 to December 2015 from the Yahoo finance website (Yahoo Finance Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News, 2016). The rates of interest for each month from January 1990 to December 2015 are the actual monthly returns which Scot will get if he invests money in both this account. The data that the analyst collects from the yahoo finance website which gives the monthly returns from the month of January 2014 to the month of December 2015 th at is the data for the next 24 months is added to the given data set along with the previous values for 288 months. The new data set so formed is named as college fund.xlsx. After the collection of the full data set into the spreadsheet of an excel file, the analyst observes that during the period from January 2014 to December 2015 many of the values observed previously in the values of monthly returns for the past 288 months repeats themselves in the added data set. The analyst develops a spreadsheet model and simulates the two investment plans suggested by the two agents supporting the two mutual fund policies. The analyst plots the values of the monthly returns of both the mutual funds, first for the span of 288 months; that is from January 1990 to December 2013 and the for the values of the next 24 months against time. The analyst observes that the line chart drawn for the mutual fund SP 500 for both the periods of 288 months first, then 24 months does not depict the picture of any trend nor seasonality nor any cyclic variation. Both the graphs of the SP mutual funds depict irregular variation in the values of the monthly returns. The analyst now obs erves the line chart that he has drawn for the Treasury bill fund over a period of 288 months first and then for the remaining period of 24 months. Both the line charts of the Treasury Bills fund shows that the monthly returns are characterized by a trend. The four main components of time series data are a trend, seasonal variations, cyclic variations and irregular variations. Data collected over a period as in this case where the data spans over a period of 25 years, a long-term oscillation may appear in the data. This long term oscillation is termed as a trend. A trend may be of two types- linear or nonlinear. Another component that may be present in a time series data is random variations. The cause of the presence of random variation in a time series data is mostly unknown and the irregularity in the data cannot be removed by any calculations. Irregularity may be present due to changes in weather conditions or a sudden attack of natural calamity, etc. The other two variations present in time series data are cyclic and seasonal variations. One can see seasonal variation in the data after a fixed interval of time. That span of time is less than a year. Seasonal variations can be seen in the sale figures of stores selling seasonal pro ducts say woolen garments. The sale for woollen garments increases every year during the winter season. Hence, one can observe seasonality. Cyclic variations repeat itself after a span of time which may be more than a year (Granger Newbold, 2014). If Scot follows the first policy of investing $240 in SP 500 and $60 in the short term Treasury Bills, then the total amount that will be accumulated in his account after the span of six years will be $24359.52. When Scot follows the second plan of investing $60 in SP 500 and $240 in Treasury Bills, then the total amount accumulated in his account after six years would be $24156.93. Hence, one can see that the value accumulated in Scot's account following both the plans would surpass the value of money, which he intends to build up in six years time. The analyst then simulates 100 iterations of the total value of monthly returns that Scot will receive following both the strategies described earlier over a span of six years time. Simulation is a method of gathering or accumulation of large data so that the data can be further used to perform data analysis with that data. Nowadays different softwares are available which made the task of simulating data quite easily and time saving. The following are the stages to simulate data: Formulation of the model: seeing the data set the analyst forms a mathematical model with that data set. Implementation of the model formed: the analyst then runs programs in different statistical softwares to match the model formulation. Validation of the model: the analyst then validates the model to check if the data provided truly fits the model Experimental design: the analyst performs an experiment in a controlled set up with the validated data. Data analysis: finally the Analyst performs data analysis to achieve the accurate results from the data. Following the method of simulation the analyst frees himself from a great load of repetitive work involving substitution of numbers. Nowadays softwares in computers assist analysts to perform simulation quite easily (Box, et al., 2015). After obtaining the simulated values of the monthly returns, the analyst draws histogram based on the final values. The analyst draws a histogram for both the scenarios. The histogram describing the first plan where Scot invests $240 in the SP 500 and $60 in the short term Treasury Bills fund shows that the highest frequency is observed for the monthly return value of $24496.8. The histogram analysis for the second plan where Scot invests $60 in the SP 500 and the remaining $240 shows that the frequency for the monthly return value of $20875 is the highest. Based on the simulation results and looking at the histograms and line diagrams, the analyst can make certain recommendations to Scot. The analyst has already discussed above that the phenomenon of irregularity is observed in the monthly returns of the SP 500 fund, whereas a trend is observed in the values of the monthly return for the short-term Treasury bill fund. The analyst is of the view that more return can be generated from a process possessing irregular variations, as it does not follow any particular probability law or distribution. Though more risk is attached with a process, having irregularity but the returns that can be obtained is also very high. The process that observes a particular trend would fetch lower returns following the trend. The risk associated with investing in such a process possessing trend is also very less as compared to the process showing irregularity (Petitjean, et al., 2012). Hence, in this regard, the analyst may suggest Scot to follow the words of the first advisor who advised him to invest $240 in SP bills and the remaining amount of $60 in the short-term Treasury bill fund. The histogram analysis of the above two plans also depicts the same picture. The histogram drawn for the first scenario shows that the amount with the highest frequency is even higher than the value with the highest frequency in scenario two. Moreover, the line charts drawn for both the mutual funds shows that the monthly returns obtained from the SP 500 fund fluctuate with time. The line charts drawn for the Treasury bills fund shows more or less a constant trend followed by the monthly return values. Considering all the above observations, the analyst suggests Scot to follow the first plan in which he would invest more money in the SP 500 fund whose monthly return values are quite irregular. If Scot needs to pay $10000 more that is a total of $30000 as the university fees of his daughter after six years then also the analyst would suggest him to follow the same conventions to invest his money in the mutual funds. In this case, he needs to accumulate more money in six years time by investing the same amount of $300 per month in both the mutual funds. As one can see from the above analysis that value generated following the first plan is higher than the value generated following the second plan in six year's time, the analyst would suggest Scot to follow the same strategy of investing $240 in SP 500 fund and $60 in the Treasury bill fund. The analyst may have to consider some real world factors that might affect the simulations made and the conclusions drawn. The analyst may need to check certain factors that may be present in the data. The analyst can search for the modal value from the values of the monthly returns of both the funds. The analyst may check for the presence of seasonality or cyclic variations in the data. The presence of such factors may direct the analyst to consider a different model to analyze the data and predict the value of returns in six years time. Conclusion After analyzing the given data, the analyst can successfully guide Scot in the right directions to proceed with his investment plans. The findings of the analysis depict the picture that the SP 500 mutual fund is more volatile as compared to the short-term Treasury bill fund. Hence, the analyst suggests Scot to invest following the plan suggested to him by the first advisor to gain higher returns to pay the fees of his daughter's university in six years time. References: Anderberg, M. R. (2014).Cluster analysis for applications: probability and mathematical statistics: a series of monographs and textbooks(Vol. 19). Academic press. Aoki, M. (2013).State space modeling of time series. Springer Science Business Media. Box, G. E., Jenkins, G. M., Reinsel, G. C., Ljung, G. M. (2015).Time series analysis: forecasting and control. John Wiley Sons. Brockwell, P. J., Davis, R. A. (2013).Time series: theory and methods. Springer Science Business Media. Chatfield, C. (2013).The analysis of time series: an introduction. CRC press. DeFusco, R. A., McLeavey, D. W., Pinto, J., Runkle, D. E., Anson, M. J. (2015).Quantitative investment analysis. John Wiley Sons. Godsill, S. J., Doucet, A., West, M. (2012). Monte Carlo smoothing for nonlinear time series.Journal of the american statistical association. Granger, C. W. J., Newbold, P. (2014).Forecasting economic time series. Academic Press. Gyrfi, L., Hrdle, W., Sarda, P., Vieu, P. (2013).Nonparametric curve estimation from time series(Vol. 60). Springer. Petitjean, F., Inglada, J., Ganarski, P. (2012). Satellite image time series analysis under time warping.Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on,50(8), 3081-3095. Robson, C., McCartan, K. (2016).Real world research. Wiley. Shumway, R. H., Stoffer, D. S. (2013).Time series analysis and its applications. Springer Science Business Media. Treiman, D. J. (2014).Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons. Woodward, M. (2013).Epidemiology: study design and data analysis. CRC Press. Xia, J., Mandal, R., Sinelnikov, I. V., Broadhurst, D., Wishart, D. S. (2012). MetaboAnalyst 2.0a comprehensive server for metabolomic data analysis.Nucleic acids research,40(W1), W127-W133. Xia, L. C., Ai, D., Cram, J., Fuhrman, J. A., Sun, F. (2013). Efficient statistical significance approximation for local similarity analysis of high-throughput time series data.Bioinformatics,29(2), 230-237. Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. (2016).Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://finance.yahoo.com/ Zhu, J. (2014).Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer.

The Art of Frida Kahlo Essay Example For Students

The Art of Frida Kahlo Essay The Art of Frida Kahlo: Realist and Overwhelming The autobiographical movie Friday directed by Julie Tomato and release in October, 2002. It is a realistic portrait of the life of Mexican painter Friday Kohl and her lifes bitterness, her political believes, and the tormented relationship with her painter husband, Diego Riviera. As a result the motive of her artworks is basically in self- portraits. Fridays personality projects to be a liberal, passionate, independent, strong, and charming woman. She was an eminent artist in the 20th century who exposes angular exceptional thoughts ahead of her time; as a result, many people consider her as feminist although there is a little controversy about this. Magdalene Carmen Friday Kohl y Cauldron, known as Friday Kohl, was born July 6, 1907 in Accompany, Mexico City, Mexico. She died July 13, 1954 in the same place that she was born. She suffered poliomyelitis at the age of six, and at age eighteen, she was a victim of a tragic bus accident which resulted nine surgeries that left her with constant pain and infertility. We will write a custom essay on The Art of Frida Kahlo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, her strength made her replace her agony with art. While she was in bed for recovery, her mom gave her a mirror to see herself. Therefore, through her paintings, we can feel her pain and sensibility. For instance, in one self-portrait The Broken Columns dressed in a metal corset, she painted in a surrealistic way because she was almost naked with nails in her whole body. She is crying; perhaps, we can imagine the dimension of the pain, but she knew what the pain truly was (Sayers). Friday had been damaged for the life by illness and the bus accident, but the last injury was from Diego Riviera, her husband, who Just brought emotional disturbance which lasted until her death. She loved him passionately and obsessively, so she endured his many infidelities including with her sister, Christina. However, she also had many affairs not only with men but also with women. Having a liberal personality, Friday was never committed to social norms; thus her behavior was consequent with her identity and freedom. Even more, she was always inspired by love for her country, dressing in Mexican native gowns. Besides, the political struggle as consequence of 30 years under the government of Portfolio Ditz, a rebellion environment, the Mexican Revolution, and the Mexican constitution surrounded Friday when she was growing up. Therefore, she acquired a social consciousness, identified with the Communist Party. Also, she took the risk of hiding Leon Trotsky, the revolutionary Marxist activist against Stalin, in her house having an affair with him during that time (Hearer). As a feminist, Friday is considered an idol precisely for her personality. She never cares about superficial elements to get attention. She assumed her identity with plenty of liberty, and never suppressed her inclination to be bisexual. Today, many women admire her because she acted at that time as a contemporary woman in the criterion of being a feminist. However, there is a controversy about this because her emotional dependence on Diego has been questionable. She was completely independent, having her own style in her work. Perhaps, she had great and unusual capacity to love that not everybody could understand. In addition, Friday has been an inspiration for many writers, directors, and Journalists to write about her (Gunderson). Her self-portraits reflect the reality of one life with all the experiences, suffering, pain, tradition and history, with bright colors, so these things captivate the hearts of women and men. Friday had the first exhibition of her work a year before her death, and she was well known as an artist. Her true fame began in 1978, with public presentations around the world of her artwork, recognizing her as one of the best painters not only in Mexico but also in the roll. .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 , .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .postImageUrl , .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 , .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:hover , .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:visited , .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:active { border:0!important; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:active , .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376 .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63c6b7ed48605b0a00d57bb274efc376:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art vs Government EssayIn fact, we can find Fridays paintings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), and one of her portraits was sold to Soothers a British multinational corporation, for nearly 1. 5 million dollars, being one of the biggest prices paid at a bidding for a Latin American artwork (Sayers). Ironically, her fate was not the enjoyment of all the values that she had, such as an artist, but Friday is a legacy of art, history, and humanity. Her work is biographic, full of passion, and she reflects the bitterness of life for what today we identified with her beautiful mind. The Art of Frida Kahlo Essay Example For Students The Art of Frida Kahlo Essay The Art of Frida Kahlo: Realist and Overwhelming The autobiographical movie Friday directed by Julie Tomato and release in October, 2002. It is a realistic portrait of the life of Mexican painter Friday Kohl and her lifes bitterness, her political believes, and the tormented relationship with her painter husband, Diego Riviera. As a result the motive of her artworks is basically in self- portraits. Fridays personality projects to be a liberal, passionate, independent, strong, and charming woman. She was an eminent artist in the 20th century who exposes angular exceptional thoughts ahead of her time; as a result, many people consider her as feminist although there is a little controversy about this. Magdalene Carmen Friday Kohl y Cauldron, known as Friday Kohl, was born July 6, 1907 in Accompany, Mexico City, Mexico. She died July 13, 1954 in the same place that she was born. She suffered poliomyelitis at the age of six, and at age eighteen, she was a victim of a tragic bus accident which resulted nine surgeries that left her with constant pain and infertility. We will write a custom essay on The Art of Frida Kahlo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, her strength made her replace her agony with art. While she was in bed for recovery, her mom gave her a mirror to see herself. Therefore, through her paintings, we can feel her pain and sensibility. For instance, in one self-portrait The Broken Columns dressed in a metal corset, she painted in a surrealistic way because she was almost naked with nails in her whole body. She is crying; perhaps, we can imagine the dimension of the pain, but she knew what the pain truly was (Sayers). Friday had been damaged for the life by illness and the bus accident, but the last injury was from Diego Riviera, her husband, who Just brought emotional disturbance which lasted until her death. She loved him passionately and obsessively, so she endured his many infidelities including with her sister, Christina. However, she also had many affairs not only with men but also with women. Having a liberal personality, Friday was never committed to social norms; thus her behavior was consequent with her identity and freedom. Even more, she was always inspired by love for her country, dressing in Mexican native gowns. Besides, the political struggle as consequence of 30 years under the government of Portfolio Ditz, a rebellion environment, the Mexican Revolution, and the Mexican constitution surrounded Friday when she was growing up. Therefore, she acquired a social consciousness, identified with the Communist Party. Also, she took the risk of hiding Leon Trotsky, the revolutionary Marxist activist against Stalin, in her house having an affair with him during that time (Hearer). As a feminist, Friday is considered an idol precisely for her personality. She never cares about superficial elements to get attention. She assumed her identity with plenty of liberty, and never suppressed her inclination to be bisexual. Today, many women admire her because she acted at that time as a contemporary woman in the criterion of being a feminist. However, there is a controversy about this because her emotional dependence on Diego has been questionable. She was completely independent, having her own style in her work. Perhaps, she had great and unusual capacity to love that not everybody could understand. In addition, Friday has been an inspiration for many writers, directors, and Journalists to write about her (Gunderson). Her self-portraits reflect the reality of one life with all the experiences, suffering, pain, tradition and history, with bright colors, so these things captivate the hearts of women and men. Friday had the first exhibition of her work a year before her death, and she was well known as an artist. Her true fame began in 1978, with public presentations around the world of her artwork, recognizing her as one of the best painters not only in Mexico but also in the roll. .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 , .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .postImageUrl , .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 , .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:hover , .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:visited , .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:active { border:0!important; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:active , .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7 .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8211ee75a989035ef855ea113f079d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art Deco movement and description EssayIn fact, we can find Fridays paintings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), and one of her portraits was sold to Soothers a British multinational corporation, for nearly 1. 5 million dollars, being one of the biggest prices paid at a bidding for a Latin American artwork (Sayers). Ironically, her fate was not the enjoyment of all the values that she had, such as an artist, but Friday is a legacy of art, history, and humanity. Her work is biographic, full of passion, and she reflects the bitterness of life for what today we identified with her beautiful mind.

Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness

Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness Problems that teachers face include handling student needs, lack of parental support, and even criticism from a public that can be largely unaware of their everyday lives. Addressing these problems and bringing awareness to the educational environment that our teachers and students face daily can help improve teacher retention, student success rates, and the overall quality of education in our schools. Balancing a Wide Range of Student Needs No matter what type of school youre talking about, teachers have to deal with a wide range of student needs, but public schools may struggle the most here. While private schools are able to select their students based on an application and assessment of the best fit for the school and community, public schools in the United States are required to take every student. While most educators would never want to change this fact, some teachers are faced with students who distract the rest of the classroom and add a significant challenge. Part of what makes teaching a challenging career is the diversity of the students. All students are unique in having their own background, needs, and learning styles. Teachers have to be prepared to work with all learning styles in every lesson, requiring more prep time and creativity. However, successfully working through this challenge can be an empowering experience for both students and teachers alike. Lack of Parental Support It can be incredibly frustrating for a teacher when parents don’t support their efforts to educate children. Ideally, a partnership exists between school and home, with both working in tandem to provide the best learning experience for students. However, when parents dont follow through with their responsibilities, it can often have a negative impact on the class. Research has proven that children whose parents make education a high priority and stay consistently involved may be more successful academically. Ensuring that students eat well, get enough sleep, study, complete their homework, and are prepared for the school day are just a few of the basic of the things that parents are expected to do for their children. While many of the best teachers go above and beyond to make up for a lack of parental support, a total team effort from the teachers, parents, and students is the ideal approach. Parents are the most powerful and consistent link between children and school since they are there throughout the child’s life while the teachers will change annually. When a child knows that education is essential and important, it makes a difference. Parents can also work to communicate effectively with the teacher and ensure that their child is successfully completing assignments. However, not every family has the ability to provide the necessary supervision and partnership, and some children are left to figure things out on their own. When faced with poverty, a lack a supervision, stressful and unstable home lives, and even parents who arent present, students have to overcome numerous hurdles to even make it school, never mind succeed. These challenges can lead to students failing and/or dropping out of school. Lack of Proper Funding School finance has a significant impact on teachers ability to maximize their effectiveness. When funding is low, class sizes often increase, which impacts instructional curriculum, supplemental curriculum, technology, and various instructional and extracurricular programs. Enrichment programs are cut, supply budgets are limited, and teachers have to get creative. Most teachers understand that this is completely out of their control, but it doesn’t make the situation any less frustrating. In public schools, finances are usually driven by each individual state’s budget and local property taxes, as well as federal funding and other sources, whereas private schools have private funding and often more flexibility in how it is spent. That means public school teachers are often more affected by lack of funding and are limited in how they can spend their money. In lean times, schools are often forced to make cuts that have a negative impact. Most teachers make do with the resources they are given or supplement with their own personal contributions. Overemphasis on Standardized Testing Not every student learns in the same way, and therefore not every student can accurately demonstrate mastery of educational topics and concepts in a similar fashion. As a result, standardized testing can be an ineffective method of assessment. While some teachers are completely against standardized testing, others tell you that they don’t have a problem with the standardized tests themselves but with how the results are interpreted and used. Most teachers say that you can’t get a true indicator of what any particular student is capable of on a single test on any particular day. Standardized tests arent just a pain for students, either; many school systems use the results to determine the effectiveness of the teachers themselves. This overemphasis has caused many teachers to shift their overall approach to teaching to a focus directly on these tests. This not only takes away from creativity and limits the scope of what is taught but can also quickly create teacher burnout and put excess pressure on the teachers to have their students perform well. Standardized testing brings with it other challenges as well. For example, many authorities outside of education only look at the tests bottom line, which hardly ever tell the whole story. Observers need to take much more into account than the overall score. Consider the example of two high school math teachers. One teaches in an affluent suburban school with lots of resources, and one teaches in an inner-city school with minimal resources. The teacher in the suburban school has 95% of her students score proficient, and the teacher in the inner-city school has 55% of his students score proficient. If only comparing overall scores, the teacher in the suburban school would appear to be the more effective teacher. However, a more in-depth look at the data reveals that only 10% of students in the suburban school had significant growth during the year while 70% of the students in the inner-city school had significant growth. So who is the better teacher? You can’t tell simply from standardized test scores, yet a large majority of decision-makers want to use test scores alone to judge both student and teacher performances. Poor Public Perception Weve all heard the old saying Those who can, do. Those who cant, teach. Unfortunately, a stigma is attached to teachers within the United States. In some countries, public school teachers are highly regarded and revered for the service that they provide. Today, teachers continue to be in the public spotlight because of their direct impact on the nation’s youth. Theres the added challenge that the media often focuses on negative stories dealing with teachers, which pulls attention away from their positive impact. The truth is that most teachers are dedicated educators who are in it for the right reasons and doing a solid job. Focusing on a good teacher’s best qualities can help teachers overcome their perceptions and find fulfillment in their profession. Educational Trends When it comes to learning, experts are always looking for the best tools and tactics for educating children. While many of these trends are actually strong and worthy of implementation, adoption of them within schools can be haphazard. Some believe that public education in the United States is broken, which often drives schools to look at ways to reform, sometimes too rapidly. Teachers can be faced with mandated changes in tools, curriculum, and best practices as administrators race to adopt the latest and greatest trends. However, these constant changes can lead to inconsistency and frustration, making teachers lives more difficult. Adequate training isnt always made available, and many teachers are left to fend for themselves to figure out how to implement whatever has been adopted. On the flip side, some schools are resistant to change, and teachers who are educated about learning trends may not receive funding or support to adopt them. This can lead to a lack of job satisfaction and teacher turnover, and it can hold students back from delving into a new way to learn that may actually help them achieve more.

Human Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Systems - Essay Example Development of writing skills is an asset that can be used in my future undertakings. While a writing skill can be useful in the rank-and-file positions, it can be more helpful for one holding a position of leadership. I agree with the Lin Grensing 1988 report declaring that â€Å"one of the most important to productivity† is a writing skill (Hansen & Hansen, 2008, para. 5). And even as early as 1991, the U.S. Labor Department had already said that majority of jobs in the coming years would indeed need writing skills (Hansen & Hansen, 2008) and that includes the computer and information technology sector. Writing skill is necessary in many line of work. In some areas, it may even contribute to success in one's career. Its importance cannot be simply ignored because it is a mode by which we communicate with others and exchange ideas. Whether a person is in computer programming or software production, exchange of ideas with colleagues is indispensable. My discipline is primarily concerned with computers and the people using them. At first glance, it may seem that there is no need for someone involved in my discipline to have any skill in writing. As long as I can speak with the people using the computers, then that would be enough. ... There is a need to file them in the folder for archiving or reference at a future time. Some documents and reports have to be submitted to my immediate supervisor and the higher officers of the organisation. Other written documents are intended to be read by my peers. These written forms should be made in a formal manner and to do it, I must possess that skill in writing that conforms to a certain writing style. Moreover, there is a specific format in writing formal business documents. The document must also convey the message clearly. Corporate and business correspondences are intended to transfer critical or important information. And whatever message intended by the sender to be disseminated to the rest of the members of the organization, it must be understood as what the sender intended it to be. A faulty written document can relay a wrong impression or an erroneous interpretation. It can have a disastrous effect upon the business or the organisation as a whole. A writing skill t hen, is crucial to the internal operation of any business or company. In the same manner, when holding a higher position such as that of a manager, a skill in writing is also necessary. The manager has to write reports, letters, and messages for subordinates (Stiller, 2010). Such documents must be easily understandable by the intended recipient, otherwise, it will be consume unnecessary time for the readers to figure out what the author is trying to convey or what instructions are being relayed. If it is a safety instruction and has been misunderstood, an accident or injury can result. An example in my discipline that concerns computer and people working with it can be exemplified clearly in this simple scenario. There are several computer units

Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marxism - Essay Example The main belief of Marxism revolves around the following teams: Analysis of capitalism identifies and discusses different aspects of capitalism. Some of these aspects include "alienation" of workers, exploitation and the source of profits,  economic growth and development, economic crises,  business cycles, wage labour and surplus value, and the value of commodities (www.marxismfaq.co.uk, n. pag). The theoretical foundation of Marxism is in the materialist conception of history. In simple terms it is the application of Marxist thought to historical development.  According to Marxists the main driving force of history is the class struggle. As Marx and Engels wrote in "The Communist Manifesto",  "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." (www.marxismfaq.co.uk, n. pag) According to Marxists believe, the society is divided into separate classes. Bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers) are the two main classes under capitalism according to Marx and Engels. The fourth important issue they addressed is after the proletariat have taken state power themselves, they will consolidate their position as the new ruling class of society through the so called "revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat". This "dictatorship" of the working class will be the midway between capitalism and communism (www.marxismfaq.co.uk, n. pag). Marxs passion towards communism was his focus which was far more important than the class struggle, the dialectic, the theory of surplus value, and all the others. Marx categorically discarded those utopian socialists who sought to arrive at communism through a gradual and evolutionary process, through a balanced advancement of the good. In fact Marx harked back to the apocalyptics, the post-millennia1 coercive German and Dutch Anabaptists of the sixteenth century, and to the various groups of pre-millennial Christians (Rothbard, 123-179). Earlier to the popularization of the Race, Gender

Learning, Knowledge and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning, Knowledge and Performance - Essay Example The discourse also considers the Kolb learning system and influences of improving the situation at Siemens. Siemens organization did not consider earlier knowledge management, yet it is an economic resource for the company. It is essential for Siemens to recognize that sharing of knowledge is a significant element of knowledge management. Knowledge management is not part of the success strategy in the learning and knowledge at Siemens. Employees own knowledge and incorporating them into institutional knowledge at Siemens relies on the cultural behavior regarding sharing knowledge (Morey, Maybury, Bhavani, &Thuraisingham2002, p. 23).It is the role of the company to inculcate the culture of knowledge sharing among employees. Employees at Siemens comprehend that sharing of knowledge is significant but do not share amongst them because they hold it an important asset that can make them remain valuable at the company (Sonbuchner 1991, p. 31). It is not possible to force employees to share knowledge neither is it advisable. However, employees induced or motivated to do so. The system at Siemens constitutes motivational methods to induce workers into adopting the behavior of sharing knowledge, the biggest cha llenge emanates from changing the current behavior of employees (MacKeracher 1996, p. 56). Changing behavior is directly proportional to the success of sharing knowledge and the effectiveness of knowledge management (Stewart & Rigg 2011, p. 41). The value of sharing knowledge in knowledge management requires understanding ways through which employees remain motivated to share knowledge in a way that helps the overall intellectual advantage of Siemens (Kiersey1984). The knowledge gaps at Siemens are barriers in attaining desired goals in the company (Jones& Carr 1987, p. 69). The climate and culture at Siemens play a significant role in developing the process of sharing knowledge among

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems Activity 1 Explain the purpose and the applications of three different types of lubricant. Greases: are solid or semisolid lubricants and generally consist of soaps, mineral oil, and various additives. These are highly viscous ad adhere well to metal surfaces. Although used extensively in machinery, greases are of limited use in manufacturing processes. Graphite: is weak in shear alone its basal planes and therefore has a low coefficient of friction in that direction. It is an effective solid lubricant, particularly at elevated temperatures. In a vacuum or an inertgas atmosphere, friction is very high; in fact, graphite can be abrasive in these situations. We can apply graphite either by rubbing it on surfaces or by making it part of a colloidal (dispersion of small particles). Glasses: is a solid material, glass becomes viscous at elevated temperatures and, therefore, can serve as a liquid lubricant. Viscosity is a function of temperatures, but not of pressure, and depends on the type of glass. Poor thermal conductivity also makes glass attractive, since it acts as a thermal barrier between hot work pieces and relatively cool dies. Glass lubrication is typically used in such applications as hot extrusion and forging. Activity 2 Describe the operation and maintenance of three different lubrications systems. Oil circulatory systems: In Oil circulatory systems, the oil is continuously supplied to various moving parts and bearings. In such systems, oil acts both as lubricant and also as coolant by earning away heat generated in the bearings/moving parts. The oil after lubrication is returned to reservoir either directly or through filters. These systems are large, employing reservoirs of capacity ranging from few hundreds of liters to thousands of liters. The pumps are heavy duty, intended for continuous running, with flow rate ranging from few tens of LPM to few thousands of LPM. These systems are widely used for plants like Cement, Sugar, Paper, Power generation. Steel as well as heavy duty machineries. Full Force Feed systems: In a full force-feed lubrication system, the main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft bearings, and the complete valve mechanism are lubricated by oil under pressure. In addition, the full force-feed lubrication system provides lubrication under pressure to the pistons and the piston pins. This is accomplished by holes drilled the length of the connecting rod, creating an oil passage from the connecting rod bearing To the piston pin bearing. This passage not only feeds the piston pin bearings but also provides lubrication for the pistons and cylinder walls. This system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with full-floating piston pins. Force Feed systems: A fairly more complete pressurization of lubrication is achieved in the force-feed lubrication system Oil is forced by the oil pump from the crankcase to the main bearings and the camshaft bearings. Unlike the combination system the connecting-rod bearings are also fed oil under pressure from the pump. Oil passages are drilled in the crankshaft to lead oil to the connecting-rod bearings. The passages deliver oil from the main bearing journals to the rod bearing journals. In some engines, these opening are holes that line up once for every crankshaft revolution. In other engines, there are annular grooves in the main bearings through which oil can feed constantly into the hole in the crankshaft. The pressurized oil that lubricates the connecting-rod bearings goes on to lubricate the pistons and walls by squirting out through strategically drilled holes. This lubrication system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with semifloating piston pins. Activity 3: Describe the operation of one seal, one type of packing and two different types of bearing with a typical application for each one. Seal: End face seals: This type of seal uses both rigid and flexible fundamentals that maintain contact at a sealing interface and slide on each other, allowing a rotating element to a pass through a sealed case. The elements are hydraulically and mechanically loaded with a spring or other device to maintain contact. In general the end face seal is sealed to the pump end plate by a gasket or O- ring and also the rotating seal face runs against the stationary seat (the opposing surface lapped to high degree of flatness). An end face mechanical seal, also known as a mechanical face seal but usually simply as a mechanical seal, is a type of seal utilised in rotating equipment, such as pumps and compressors. Packing: O-ring: Is a packing and it is also known as tonic joint, it is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus. It has a cross-section with a disc-shaped; it is also a loop of elastomer. O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they are inexpensive and easy to make, reliable, and have simple mounting requirements. They can seal tens of megapascals (thousands of psi) pressure. An O-ring is basically defined by its section diameter and the inner diameter of the O-Ring. O rings have many advantageous features including Low cost suit static dynamic duties space efficient seals in both directions fluid pressure assists sealing Suitable for all fluids-using appropriate elastomers. Two different types of bearings: Plain bearing: In general plain bearing have rubbing surfaces usually with lubricants. The stiffness of plain bearing are Good, provided wear is low, but some slack is normally present. It also has a very low speed to a very high sleep. Plain bearing is the simplest type of bearing, widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from stiction in some applications. Some bearings use pumped lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings. At high speeds life can be very short. Rolling-element bearing: A rolling-element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and cylinders called rollers tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller acts as the logs in the above example. Yet, since the bearing is round, the rollers never fall out from under the load. A rolling-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding. It is the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. Activity 4: Describe two different types of screwed fasting and two different types of rivet giving a typical application for each one. Two different types of screwed fasting: Bolts and Nuts: Bolts and nuts can be made from steel, brass, aluminum alloys and plastic. There are all sorts of bolts and nuts with different sizes for example: M6x25 high tensile bolt BZP M2 full not zinc The above metric blots and nuts and specified as steel. The specifications for bolts and nuts: Example: M8x1.550: M specifies that it is metric. The number next to the letter M which is 8 specifies the diameter in millimeters. 1.5 specifies the tread pitch in millimeters. 50 specifies the length of the shank in millimeters. There are other bolts for example: Tap bolt A bolt that is threaded all the way to the head. Eye bolt A bolt with a looped head. Toggle bolt A bolt with a special nut known as a wing. It is designed to be used where there is no access to side of the material where the nut is located. Usually the wing is spring loaded and expands after being inserted into the hole. The strength of the bolts Can be identified by reading the numbers stamped on the head of the bolts, these are referred to the grad of the bolt used in certain applications with the strength of the bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an International Organization for Standardization(ISO) strength rating stamped on the head. Studs and nuts: Studs: Road studs: These are generally used on hard surfaces, such as roads or very had ground. They are normally 4 to 6 sided, small and flat in size and blunt. Ice studs: these are also designed for use on hard surfaces, but generally have a longer, sharper point than road studs, to provide traction on slippery surfaces. Grass studs: are also known as bullet studs , they come in many different lengths but are always larger and shaper than road studs and generally narrow so they can dig into hard, dry ground. Mud Studs: are used on extremely soft or wet riding surfaces where deep traction is needed. They are bigger thanRoad Studsbut often rounded on top and come in several different lengths.Mud Studscan also be square in shape, known asBlock Studs.SomeMud Studsare knownasOlympic Studs*which are long and sharp and used for extremely slippery ground Two different types of rivets: Blind rivets. These types of blind rivets have non-locking mandrels and are avoided for critical structural joints because the mandrels may fall out, due to vibration or other reasons, leaving a hollow rivet that will have a significantly lower load carrying capability than solid rivets. In addition, because of the mandrel they are more horizontal to failure from corrosion and vibration. A drive rivet: A drive rivet is an appearance of blind rivet that has a little mandrel protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flicker out the end inserted in the hole. This is usually used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing a beautiful pleasing appearance. They can also be used with plastic, metal, Other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block. P5-Decribe the operation of two different types of cam and followers and two different types of linage mechanism. Two different types of cam and followers: Cam followers are comparable to needle or cylindrical roller bearings with a thick-walled external ring. The crowned outer surface of the outer ring prevents border stresses if the roller runs in a twisted or inclined location. They are grease full ready-to-mount units appropriate for all types of cam drives, tracks and conveyor systems. In its place of an inner ring cam followers have a hard threaded pin to permit the cam follower to be quickly and easily attached to the machine mechanism by means of a hexagonal nut. Axial guidance is provided through an essential flange on the external ring at the top of the pin and a side. Cam followers are obtainable in three different internal designs. Usually, the cam followers have concentric seating on the pin, but some are also accessible with a strange collar shrunk on to the stud. Cam follower bearings with collar allow an optimum interaction with the cam and allow fewer stringent developed tolerances for the mechanism. Two different types of linkage mechanism: A mechanical linkage is a sequence of rigid links linked through joints to shape a closed series, or a series of closed chains. Every linkage has two or more joints, and the joints have a variety of degrees of freedom to allow movement between the relations. A linkage is called a mechanism if two or more links are movable with respect to a fixed link. Four-bar linkage mechanisms: The four-bar linkage is one more mechanism which finds general uses. It is establish in applications such as windscreen wiper drives, Vehicle suspension units and Everyday uses such as the hinges on kitchen cupboard doors and squeeze-mop mechanisms. Two of the links spin about fixed centers and are connected by a coupler linkage. The fourth link is shaped by the frame or bed plate that contains the permanent centers of rotary motion. It must be noted that the number of inversion of machinery is equal to the number of links, which in this case is four links. Reverse motion linkage. As the top bar moves to the left the base bar moves to the right. The bars move in reverse directions. an additional way of describing this linkage is the direction of movement in one bar is reversed in the other rod. The fixed pivot is the centre of rotation. (P6): describe the arrangement and operation of Two different kinds of belt drive: Flat belts: Flat belts are used mostly for transmitting light tons. Since they are flexible, this makes them appropriate for applications where there is some misalignment among shafts; they possibly will be crossed to give opposition directions of turning round to the pulleys. They can also be twisted to attach shaft which are not in the same plane. Vee belts: Vee belts (also recognized as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and arrangement problem. It is currently the essential belt for power transmission. They offer the best mixture of grip, pace of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are usually continuous, and their common cross-section shape is trapezoidal. The V shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the effect that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to hold into the groove as the load increases the larger the load, the larger the wedging action improving torque transmission and making the vee belt an helpful solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts. Two different kinds of chain drive: A chain is a method of transferring rotary motion between two parallel shafts. The chain drive is positive, efficient and high torques can be transmitted. The chain is generally made from steel although plastic chains have been developed. Roller Chain: Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain most frequently used for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial and agricultural machinery. It is a straightforward, dependable, and efficient means of power transmission. Two different kinds of gear train. Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system that consists of one or more external gears, or planet mechanism, rotating about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems may also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. (P7): Describe the arrangement and operation of: Two different kinds of transmission shaft Power transmission shafts are mainly used in two wheeler and four wheeler vehicles. These shafts consist of metal joint elements and a metal pipe connected to each other. To provide more rigidity to shafts, a plastic pipe is inserted into metal pipe thus forming a composite power transmission shaft having more strength and rigidity. Automotive transmission shafts are especially designed and used in two wheelers as well as four wheelers. These shafts are integral hollow type shafts that maintain a perfect balance between static strength and fatigue strength. Two different types of Couplings: Shaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes, the most common ones are: To provide for the connection of shafts of units those are manufactured separately such as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or alternations. To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another. Rigid Slip Couplings: This type of coupling has no flexibility; therefore it is necessary for the shafts that aretobe connected to be in good alignment, both laterally and angularity, in order excessive loadson the coupling, on the shafts, or on the shaft bearings.Rigid couplings do not accommodate misalignment and consequently should not be usedindiscriminately. Types of Rigid Couplings: Sleeve or muff coupling: It is the simplest type of rigid coupling, made of cast iron. Itconsists of a hollow cylinder whose innerdiameter is the same as that of the shaft. It is fitted over the ends of the two shafts by means of a gibhead key. Clamp coupling: Clamp coupling is sometimes called a compression coupling or a ribbed coupling. Clamp coupling is a modification and an improvement of the sleeve coupling. This coupling is made in two parts which are machined to fit the shaft and are finished off around the periphery and on both ends. Flange coupling: A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two separate cast iron flanges. Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it. The faces are turned up at right angle to the axis of the shaft. Two different kinds of clutch: Dog clutch: is a type ofclutchthat couples two turning shafts or other rotating mechanism not byfrictionbut by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rotating input and output shafts. Cone clutch: serves the same purpose as a disk or plateclutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction. The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging action and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. Two different kinds of breaks: Disc brakes: are made of cast iron or ceramic composites. The use of these types of breaks ate to stop or slow the rotation of a wheel. Hydraulic brakes: use brake fluid, and normally containing ethylene glycol the reason for this is because to transfer pressure from the controlling unit and also to brake mechanism which is normally near the wheel. (P8): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout operation of a Pneumatic actuation system: Pneumatic systems provide a softer action and are also not able to deliver such large forces. Besides the disadvantages pneumatic systems have some advantages which are: Simplicity of Design and Control Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders other components. Control is as easy as it is simple ON OFF type control. Reliability Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force. Storage Compressed Gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical power is lost. Safety Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil). Machines can be designed to be overload safe. The process of the pneumatic system that is shown above: The compressor receives filtered air form air filter and delivers through an after-cooler to the compressed air receiver. Then the air is distributed to different applications as well as the pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic systems employ gas that is compressed under extremely high pressure. For some applications where the air must be perfectly dry, the system also contains a moisture separator. The practical use of pneumatics comes in putting that compressed gas to use, at its most basic level a pneumatic system holds compressed gas in a specially designed tank and then we release some of that gas into an expandable chamber. The expandable part of the chamber has a rod attached to it so that as it expands the rod moves outward. Hydraulic actuation systems: Air has a low density and is compressible at the same time as hydraulic oil has a much higher density and is almost incompressible. Therefore, hydraulic systems are capable to function at much advanced pressure and deliver the very huge positive forces which are necessary in applications such as hydraulic presses and lifts. Hydraulic actuation system has advantages which are listed below: Advantages of hydraulics Liquid (as a gas is also a fluid) does not absorb any of the supplied energy. Capable of moving much higher loads and providing much higher forces due to the incompressibility. The hydraulic working fluid is basically incompressible, leading to a minimum ofspringaction. When hydraulic fluid flow is stopped, the slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no need to bleed off pressurized air to release the pressure on the load. The process of the Hydraulic actuation systems that is shown above: The system has motor-driven pump which draws filtered oil from the tank and distributes it through a pressure regulator to the positions where it is necessary. The pump runs constantly and the excess oil which is not necessary for procedures is diverted back to the tank by the pressure regulator. It must be noted that the organization generally supplies a relatively little work area in the locality of the pump and tank. It is not realistic to provide oil under pressure over large distances for the reason that of pressure drop and the need for a return pipe. A manual or automatic control valve supplies oil to the actuation cylinder and directs return oil to the reservoir. A mechanical handling system: The transfer of material, components and assemblies through the manufacturing stages often takes position on roller or belt conveyors. Mechanical handling has a broad variety of handling. Lifting gear used in developing business is broad and in some cases it is extremely meticulous. The roller conveyer is most expected the easiest form where manufactured goods are passed among work stations along a track having rollers. Materials are regularly shifted through a motor-driven belts conveyer. The belts are from frequently maintained on concave roller so that is falls in the center. (P9): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout and operation of Steam power generation plant: Though the main process in steam power station is the conversion of heat energy into electrical energy, it comprises of many steps for its proper working and good efficiency. The whole arrangement of a steam power station could be divided into following steps: The steam generating plant consist of boiler and its auxiliary equipments for the utilisation of flue gases. Boiler: The heat produced by the burning of coal in the boiler is used to produce steam at high temperature and pressure. The flue gases produced at the time of combustion is passed through the super heater, economiser, air- preheater and finally exhausted into the atmosphere through chimney. Super Heater: The steam produced in the boiler has got moisture content so it is dried and superheated (i.e. steam temperature is increased above boiling point of water)by the flue gases on the way to chimney. Super heating ensures two benefits at first the overall efficiency of the system is increased and secondly the corrosion to the turbine blades due to condensation in later stages is prevented. The superheated steam from superheater is fed to steam turbine by means of a main valve. Air preheater: Air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied to coal for combustion using flue gases. Air is drawn in using a forced draught fan and is passed through preheater before supplying it to the boiler. This process increases the thermal efficiency and steam capacity per square meter of the boiler surface. Steam Turbine: The dry and super heated steam from superheater is fed to the turbine by means of a main valve. Due to the striking or reaction impact of the steam on the blades of turbine it starts rotating i.e. heat energy is converted to mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine the steam is exhausted to a condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of a cold water circulation. Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator; the alternator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electrical output is transferred to the bus bars through transformer, circuit breaker and isolators. Feed Water: The condensed water produced in the condenser is used as feed water, some amount of water may be lost in the cycle but it is compensated using an external source and the cycle repeats and gives a better efficiency to the system. Cooling Arrangement: Inorder to increase the efficiency of the plant the steam coming from the turbine is condensed using a condenser. The water circulation for cooling steam in condenser is take from a natural source like river, stream etc and the out coming hot water from condenser is discharged in some lower portion of the water source. In scarcity of water the water from the condenser is cooled and reused with the help of a cooling tower. Refrigeration system: There are several heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system as shown above. Thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: Indoor air loop. In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chillers evaporator to be re-cooled. Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chillers compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chillers condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop. The cooling towers fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors. There are two fundamental types of refrigeration system. They are the; Vapour-compression system The vapour-absorption system. The two types are used for commercial purposes and domestic refrigerators and the two of them work on the standard that when a liquid vanishes, it takes in concealed heat from its surroundings. The liquids used in refrigerators and freezers are called refrigerants. They are made to evaporate at a temperature below 0 degrees Celsius and in doing so; they take in latent heat and maintain the cold space at a sub-zero temperature. A refrigerant must have a low freezing point so that it does not solidify or form slush in the low temperature part of the refrigeration cycle. Also it should have a high value for its latent heat of vaporisation to maximise the transfer of heat energy during the cycle. Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids at a certain temperature tend to get colder when they are allowed to expand. If the pressure change is high enough, then the compressed gas will be hotter than our source of cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment. Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. First, a large amount of thermal energy is required to change a liquid to a vapor, and therefore a lot of heat can be removed from the air-conditioned space. Second, the isothermal nature of the vaporization allows extraction of heat without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the temperature of whatever is being cooled. This means that the heat transfer rate remains high, because the closer the working fluid temperature approach es that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer. An air condition system: An Air-condition system is the full automatic control of the indoor atmosphere to maintain comfortable and healthy conditions. Its objective is to provide clean, fresh air at a temperature and humidity level that is comfortable to the occupants. The essential ingredients in an air conditioning system are a fan to blow air around, a cold surface to cool and dehumidify the air, a warm surface and a source of water vapour. In a large system there will also be a tangle of tubes to distribute the air and collect it again. Notice that the cold surface has two independent jobs to do: it is used to cool the air and it is also used to dehumidify, by condensing water from the air. Advantages of Pneumatic systems over Hydraulic systems: Extremely cheaper then hydraulic systems. The force transmitter, air, is freely available. Cleaner systems as air leakage do not create a mess. Due to high pressure Hydraulic oil becomes very hot after continuous use. It can cause injury/burns if someone comes in contact with it. Usually has open circuits and we dont have to worry about the return circuit. (D1): Justify the use of shell tellus oil 27 lubricant and the splash lubrication system in the lathe machines in the college machine shop: Shell tellus oil 27and 37 lubricants: Shell Tellus Oils oil 27 are premium quality hydraulic oils generally acknowledged to be the standard-setter in the field of engineering hydraulic and fluid power lubrication. Shell tellus oil 27 has high lubrication properties and excellent low friction characteristics in hydraulic systems operating at low or high speed. Prevents stick-slip problems in critical applications enabling very fine control of machinery.Because of the reasons mentioned above shell tellus oil 27 is rated one of the best lubricant for lathe machine. Shell Tellus Oil 37 is an improved version of shell tellus oil 27. Shell Tellus Oi

Significance Of The Berlin Wall Essay -- European History Cold War

Significance of The Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall, built in August of 1961, was s physical symbol of the political and emotional divisions of Germany. The Wall was built because of a long lasting suspicion between the Soviet Union on one side and Western Europe and the United States on the other. For 28 years the Berlin Wall separated friends, families, and a nation. After WWII was over Germany was divided into four parts. The United States, Great Britain, and France controlled the three divisions that were formed in the Western half and the Eastern half was controlled by the Soviet Republic. The Western sections eventually united to make a federal republic, while the Eastern half became communist. Even though Berlin lay deep within the Soviet sector, the Allies thought it would be the best to divide this capital. Therefore Berlin was also divided into four parts. Since the Soviet Union was in control of the eastern half of Germany, they made East Berlin the capital of East Germany. The other three counties were each in control of a small part of what was to be West Germany. The Allies decided that they would come together to form one country out of their three divided parts. Those three divided parts formed West Germany. After all the land was divided the Soviet Union controlled East Germany. Just like the Soviet Union, the economy in East Germany was struggling to get back on its feet after the war. While West Berlin became a lively urban area like many American cities, East Berlin became what many thought of as a ‘Mini-Moscow’. In East Germany there was literary almost nothing. The shelves in the stores were practically bare, and what was there was not in very g ood quality. At first, the divisions between East and West Berlin were uncertain. There was nothing that divided the city. For more than ten years after the official split of the city, East Berlin saw a major emigration of East Germans, unhappy with the communist system. With nothing physical to separate East and West Berlin, migration from totalitarianism to democracy was as easy for East Berliners as changing houses. The Soviet Union went against their promises to the people of East Germany, and made East Germany a Communist country. This decision by the Soviet Union separated East Germany even more from the rest of Europe. East Germany was now all by itself, and by the summer of 1952 th... ...y important that the bigger part is long gone, which is tearing down the physical wall. The one and last element that is left for German people is the wall in their minds. As it can be seen from discussion above, only time can bring together the true reunification of German People. With the time, there is very little to do but wait, however we can help by helping and educating each other so what happened in 1961 won’t be repeated by generations to come. In conclusion Berlin Wall was an important milestone in the growth of the Cold War. It was the expansion that represented the thinking of a determined Communist system. Western Capitalism, which was more powerful, eventually defeated the system. The massive wall that did so much harm to a country was finally destroyed, and the people of Germany could now live the way they all wanted to live. They could live the life of freedom. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall East Germany has went through a lot of changes, and it still is not easy for all of the people in East Germany. But no matter how hard it is for the people of East Germany now, it is better than being alone and separated from their families, friends and rest of Europe.